Fuel & Spent Fuel including Recycling

1. The development of accident tolerant, proliferation resistant, and waste minimal & minimalising fuels for Gen III/IV reactors

Government policy to ‘burn’ Pu requires development of appropriate Pu fuel variants and associated technology
Gen IV reactor system options will be influenced by the fuel options available; drive will be towards accident tolerant and proliferation resistant, whilst coupled with sustainable use of resource (influenced by reuse and reprocessing)
Development of Gen IV fuel variants is likely to provide insight into Gen II/III fuels, thus providing the opportunity to develop more robust and economic fuels for existing reactor systems
R&D in this area will help sustain and potentially grow an existing knowledge base
Technological developments could provide a major export opportunity
Reduce the radioactive burden on geological disposal.
To maintain a fuel technology capability in the UK.

Urania based fuel manufacturing capabilities
Current strong post irradiation examination experience
Access to comparative databases
Fuel performance modelling capabilities
Access to Halden programmes
Talisman – trans national access between UK and Europe facilities.
Emerging capabilities: JHR, NNUF +
NNL Central Laboratory Phase 2 (pellet production line to allow production of exotic variants e.g. containing Pu/nitride/Th/minor actinide bearing fuels etc)

Improved and expanded non-active/U/transuranic active facilities at universities to investigate scale up of fuel cycle technology
NNL Central Laboratory Phase 2 (pellet production line to allow production of exotic variants e.g. containing Pu/nitride/Th/minor actinide bearing fuels etc)
Access to irradiation facility (Material Test Reactor)
NNL Central Laboratory Phase 3 (to support post irradiation examinations)
Sustainable technical resource base (sufficient graduates, PhDs, plus succession management of current post irradiation examination workforce)
Senior academic appointments to support and direct university based studies
Access to the nuclear archive of irradiated and unirradiated reference materials
Effective resources and funding enabling access to NNL facilities (Preston laboratory, Phase II, III and Windscale)
Funding to cover operational and science costs of NNUF access.

Maintains and develops existing capability in reprocessing to assist future policy/strategy options
Definition of the optimum process/technology will assist Government in the selection of fuel cycle option, and define the associated overarching economics. This includes informing requirements for the Geological Disposal Facility (GDF), and therefore needs to be addressed now
Reduce the radiological burden on the GDF
Use current reprocessing expertise to appropriately inform debate whilst it is still available (likely to decline steeply following the closure of THORP and metal fuel reprocessing)
Current reprocessing technologies present efficiency and proliferation resistance improvement opportunities and are not compatible for some fuels
Definition of the optimum process/technology will assist in the identification of the likely advanced fuel variants (from a waste minimisation perspective)
Sustainable, safe technologies will help to engage the public
Significant opportunities for accelerated decommissioning by technology transfer to legacy waste treatment
The optimised closed cycle technology could provide a major export opportunity

Current strong knowledge base in aqueous chemistry – both theoretical and R&D for hydrochemical reprocessing
Strong process engineering community with background in technology development and process design and optimisation
Some UK expertise in molten salt (pyrochemical) reprocessing which is likely to be required for some fuels

Improved and expanded non-active/U/transuranic active facilities at universities to investigate scale up of reprocessing technology
NNL Central Laboratory Phase 3 (to support flowsheet development, including research into molten salt processing and pyrochemistry based techniques) under commissioning now
Sustainable technical resource base (sufficient graduates, PhDs, plus development and succession management of current aqueous and pyrochemistry expertise in both R&D and industry areas)
Need to maintain engagement with process engineering community
Senior academic appointments to support and direct university based studies
Effective resources and funding enabling access to NNL facilities

If the UK is to deliver the above Grand Challenges (in Fuel Materials and Reprocessing) then sufficient and sustainable resources will be required
There is an urgent need to underpin current (limited) resource base
The above Grand Challenges (in Fuel Materials and Reprocessing) will require growth of resources in both universities and the Nuclear National Laboratory as is being facilitated by phase 3 and NNUF
Provision of education and training to support skills and capabilities needs a significant export opportunity for UK HEIs
Improved understanding of fundamental f-group chemistry and physics

Adequate resources to meet existing challenges, but could not deliver the above Grand Challenges (in Fuel Materials and Reprocessing)

Sustainable technical resource base (sufficient multidisciplinary graduates, PhDs, plus succession management of current fuel materials and reprocessing related workforce)
Programme to underpin fundamental f-group chemistry and physics.
Nationally funded programme to underpin basic research and applied R&D in fuels and reprocessing.

Realisation of benefits of investment to UK economy
Opportunities to inform/shape public and stakeholder opinion
R&D through international collaboration to open doors for UK industry
Growth of research at universities will attract students/researchers from abroad

• Dispersed resource base (currently largely uncoordinated)
• Industry council and the nuclear industry strategy